Pre-Writing Strategies:
Ø Activating prior knowledge
Ø Analyzing the required task
Ø Brainstorming
Ø Freewriting
Ø Mulling over ideas
Ø Engaging in ideas with teachers or peers
Ø Generating a purpose
Ø Considering a form
Ø Identifying an audience and its traits
Ø Consulting resources
Ø Gathering information
Ø Outlining
Ø Webbing
Ø Clustering
Ø Using graphic organizers
Drafting Strategies:
Ø Writing thoughts as quickly as possible without concern for correctness until the final stages of the process
Ø Ignoring spelling, usage, or other proofreading or revision problems until the final stages of the process
Ø Watching the teacher monitor the process of the drafting via the chalkboard, a flipchart, or an overhead projector
Ø Engaging in guided writing in which the teacher leads the students through a directed writing activity
Ø Using pre-writing and other strategies when writer’s block occurs
Ø Realizing that pauses are a natural part of the drafting process
Ø Consulting the teacher when necessary
Ø Using the computer to write the first draft
Revision Strategies:
Ø Revising the piece using their own individual criteria
Ø Revising the piece according to curricular requirements
Ø Reading the piece silently aloud
Ø Re-seeing the piece from another perspective (i.e. a different audience, point of view, genre/form)
Ø Adding, deleting, changing words and phrases, sentences, ideas, and paragraphs
Ø Drawing lines, crossing out, inserting carets and arrows
Ø Cutting, pasting, stapling, using post-it notes
Ø Using computer commands to help revise the piece
Ø Engaging in peer and/or teacher conferences, after first revisiting the piece personally
Ø Checking rubrics to determine if the piece meets established criteria
Ø Utilizing ideas from mini-lessons
Ø Engaging in metacognitive think-alouds, which illustrate thinking during the revision process
Ø Anticipating and answering the readers’ questions
Proofreading Strategies:
Ø Focusing on one or two personal areas of proofreading goals
Ø Reading the paper silently and aloud
Ø Using commercial, teacher-generated, or student-generated checklists
Ø Ascertaining whether or not the relevant rubric includes specific required proofreading areas
Ø Consulting with editing partners, peer editing groups, and/or the teacher
Ø Ensuring that papers show command of the appropriate conventions of paragraph structure, sentence construction, grammar, usage, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling
Ø Using the computer to make changes/corrections
Publishing:
Ø Classmates/peers
Ø Parents and other relatives
Ø Other students and teachers
Ø Displays in classrooms, libraries, hallways, offices
Ø School and district publications
Ø Local newspapers
Ø Magazines
Ø Other professional publications
Ø Local and national contests
Ø Elementary school students
Ø Penpals
Ø Government officials
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